Modern day America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advanced America - Essay Example Along these lines, the way of life of any network in any piece of the world is predominant with respect to the tasks of individuals. It ought to be comprehended that there is no culture that is better than the other; all societies are unrivaled in their various manners. Culture in the entirety of its structures worries about religion, food, and even on what to wear and the method of wearing it. Besides, various individuals from various birthplaces have a language of correspondence that structures some portion of its way of life. Marriage and music including the manner in which individuals welcome guests are likewise a portion of the components of culture. Accordingly, culture is everything normal and adequate to a gathering of individuals. It is, along these lines, the aim of this paper to give a point by point conversation of the likenesses and contrasts of societies at the states to that of current America. Likewise, the paper tries to give a short depiction of John Adams film. The way of life of specific networks inside the settlements and that of the cutting edge America stay distinctive in various manners. The thing that matters is, all the more in this way, with respect to the such a significant number of networks living in these spots. Also, food and apparel of the various gatherings bring to the bleeding edge the decent variety of societies even in regions that individuals may take a gander at and think they are minute. The United States of America has a different culture of its kin on account of the huge populace of in excess of 300 and twenty million individuals. Furthermore, the Native Americans, Latin Americans and the Africans and the Asians impacted the way of life of United States as a result of relocations. To a bigger degree, the United States is known as the softening point in light of the gathering of such huge numbers of various societies that meet and stand affecting different societies. For example, it is a result of the assorted variety of societies in America that the word â€Å"western culture† regularly alludes to societies in the United States and Europe. Then again, the way of life of the networks in the

Taylor Swift Essay Example

Taylor Swift Essay Having any kind of effect Make a gift, help out, be a supporter, and you will have any kind of effect! When individuals think about the word good cause or give, they consequently consider cash, am I right? Not exclusively does giving cash to good cause and establishments help, anyway giving your time and exertion too. There are numerous ways for individuals to give back. With these various causes and establishments our reality is a superior spot for everybody. Without generous individuals, having good cause and various establishments would not be a decision. Be a liberal individual and give unreservedly without desires for recieving anything consequently. There are numerous popular individuals that give to various causes and establishments, one individual that I will broadly expound on is Taylor Swift. I truly like Taylor Swift, she is a nation artist, and her music has had an incredible effect on my life. At the point when I was growing up I generally needed to resemble her, she was my rolemodel! In seventh grade I done research on her, and she was continually providing for others, which shows that she is a liberal individual. We will compose a custom article test on Taylor Swift explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Taylor Swift explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Taylor Swift explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer She has upheld twenty-one diverse charites and establishments all through her lifetime, and plans on adding to some more! Taylors mother and grandma were a major effect on Taylors nation singing profession. Taylors grandma was a drama artist, and her mom helped her in different manners. At the point when Taylor was youthful she performed at ability appears, celebrations, fairs, and karaoke challenges. She had won cash from these occasions and she spared it, having dreams and huge any expectations of turning into a nation vocalist. With assistance from her folks to pay for everything, Taylors family got it going! Taylor Swift was conceived on December 13, 1989 in Reading, Pennsylvania and moved to Wyomissing, Pennsylvania when she was nine. At fourteen years of age Taylor moved to Nashville, Tennessee to start a vocation in blue grass music. In 2003, she marked to Big Machine Records. Around then, Taylor was the most youthful lyricist at any point recruited by Sony/ATV Publishing House. Taylor went to secondary school at Aaron Academy, a Christian school in Hendersonville, Tennessee. She moved on from Aaron Academy in 2008. Taylor has not settled on a choice whether she will set off for college, at the present time she is seeking after her fantasy about being a nation artist/musician. Since the time Taylor has started her profession, she has given cash to a wide range of associations. Some of them remember Children for Need, Clothes Off Our Back, Feeding America, Heroes in Heels, Music for Relief, Red Cross, and Wish Upon a Hero Foundation. Taylor doesn't give cash just to make herself look great, she does it on the grounds that the causes and establishments she gives to are important to her. There are numerous reasons concerning why Taylor decided to give to these associations some of them being, vagrancy, catastrophe alleviation, human rights, destitution, misuse, and malignant growth. On the off chance that you have not understood Taylor is certainly not an avaricious individual. On September 21, 2007, Taylor propelled a crusade to shield kids from online predators. Following that in 2008 she gave 100,000 dollars to Red Cross for the casualties of the Iowa flood. In 2009 she played out a show for Children in Need on BBC and gave 13,000 dollars to that association. Reacting to the 2010 flood Taylor gave 500,000 dollars to enable various networks to recover financially. The cash that Taylor has given was raised by performing advantage shows and having practices open to the general population. On the off chance that you need to have any kind of effect, impart, offer your cash, and commit your time. Not exclusively will it cause you to feel like a superior individual, however you will likewise be seen for what you have done. Doing this will leave you with a memory that will endure forever. Give a bit, chuckle a great deal, and change an actual existence for eternity!

Senior Volunteer Essay Sample For New Volunteers

Senior Volunteer Essay Sample For New VolunteersMy San Anotonia Regional Hospital Junior Volunteer Essay samples will help you write your junior volunteer project. When you begin your volunteer experience in San Anotonia, you will work with groups of volunteers on a volunteer basis. Your assignment will consist of a mix of administrative tasks as well as direct physical labor to complete.This type of job requires not only good typing skills but the ability to organize all of the volunteer's work in order to meet the senior volunteer need. Volunteers for San Anotonia Regional hospital need to learn the basic job responsibilities and their duties in detail. This is one of the ways that the staff members know if you are a team player or not. Some of the volunteer writers in the research department, computer staff and administrative staff use Junior Volunteer Essay samples to assist them to do their best job.This type of job is ideal for people who are very bright and well organized. The volunteer work at San Anotonia Regional hospital requires excellent organization and follow through. The way you spend your time is really important and your writing skills will be required on all of your projects. Your Senior Volunteer Essay sample gives you all of the information you need to get started. Here are some of the projects that you may be asked to write:If you have been assigned to do a report about San Anotonia, the perfect Junior Volunteer Essay sample for you is to create a list of reasons why this city is so great. Then, you will need to present a brief overview of the specific benefits that this area offers. What is the best city for those interested in a family atmosphere? Where can someone with a disability find some great entertainment?Your Senior Volunteer Essay sample would be very useful to you if you were writing a supplement that contained a rundown of the many popular parks and recreational centers in this city. You should also have a listing of the many events happening in San Anotonia that your school's volunteers could join in on. These are just a few examples of tasks you could be asked to do for a volunteer writer.Other projects that you could be asked to do for a hospital junior volunteer may include coordinating health services with the school district, assisting the administrative staff with important paperwork, collecting data, and even writing a one page journal that will be presented to the board of directors. Your volunteer Essay sample would guide you in all of the details of the task you are about to undertake. The time frame for completing the task is up to you, but always remember that you need to keep your work organized in order to ensure that you accomplish all of your tasks in a timely manner. Your Junior Volunteer Essay sample will also guide you to the proper way to use various media to communicate information to your clients.For instance, if you were to write a Senior Volunteer Essay sample that was based arou nd a short questionnaire, you could explain the purpose of the survey, how to conduct it, and then answer the questions that were sent to you. Once you have answered the questions, you should close the form and submit it to the research staff for inclusion in the final report. Remember that your data needs to be checked and double checked. Before you send any data off to the research department, make sure that all of the information submitted was true and accurate.Junior Volunteer Essay samples are very valuable tools when you are starting out as a junior volunteer. You will want to get started right away and can take advantage of the resources provided by the department. You will find that these resources are the reason you are able to succeed as a junior volunteer.

Market Structures - 1503 Words

Market Structures The purpose of this paper is to provide of different types of market structures as well as pricing and non-pricing strategies used in the various market structures. First, the team explores the pure competition market structure through the analysis to Fiji Water Company. Second, the oligopoly market structure with LOreal Group Cosmetic and Beauty Company. Third, explain the monopolistic competition market structure with Campbells Soup Company. Last, the team explains how Quasar evolves through the four market structures over the lifecycle of the product as well as changes in the aggregate number of suppliers and consumers. Pure Competition. - By Elizabeth Coursey Pure competition is defined by Investorwords.com as, A†¦show more content†¦In 2003, it was announced that LOreal had increased its consolidated sales an increase of 96.7% over the course of the previous three years and 2.5% from dermatological activities. Their sales are listed as 54.8% from consumer products, 25.1% luxury products, 13.9% professional products and 5.5% from active cosmetics. They also realized that even though their popular slogan of Because youre worth it! was primarily viewed by the younger generation, they realized that their marketing tactics would need to be revamped, and therefore, by 2005, they increased their marketing strategies to focus more on the senior generation with actress like Diane Keaton and Jane Fonda leading the way to showing the public that any age over 50 could still be beautiful and worth it! This tactic and the fact that they remain on the brink of new technology for daily skin care, that LOreal continues to be one of three majo r cosmetic companies in the world to be successful and stable. Monopolistic Competition.-by Marco Quiroz Campbells Soup was founded in 1869 by Joseph A. Campbell and Abraham Anderson with the introduction into the market of Campbell Preserve Company. The business produced canned tomatoes, vegetables, jellies, soups, condiments and minced meats. In 1897, Dr. John T. Dorrance invented a condensed soup by eliminating the water in canned soup and lowering the cost by 65% of the original 32-ounce can of soup converting it to 10-ounceShow MoreRelatedMarket Structure Of The Company Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesMarket Structure Introduction There are four types of market structures and they are monopoly, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. What is a market structure? A market structure is â€Å"the makeup of the companies operating in a particular market.† Why is the market structure important to the producer as well as the consumer? It distinguishes the difference in seller numbers, buyer numbers, seller entry barriers, and buyer entry barriers. The main differences in market structuresRead MorePerfect Competition : A Market Structure1942 Words   |  8 PagesWhen trying to top look for a market structure to fit your needs a person should start with perfect completion, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. These four market structure are used by business to aid the businesses in producing and selling products. Perfect competition is described as a market structure that has many sellers and buyers that produce the same product and they are allowed to leave and exit the in dustry at any time. Free entry and free exit is a crucial characteristicRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Yvonne C Rivera ECO/365 May 16, 2013 Paul de la Pena Abstract There are many TV service providers available in the U.S; however there are only two companies that offer services via satellite. Dish operates within the monopolistic competition market. Dish has been in business since the early 1980’s and has gradually worked its way up to become one of the leading satellite provider and innovator of new technology. In 2013 they offer service to overRead MoreMarket Structure Of An Economics Perspective Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Market structure from an economics perspective is defined as the characteristics of the market that impacts the behavior or way firms operate, which economists use to determine the nature of competition, and pricing tactics of businesses in the market. Within a market, the market structures are distinguished by key features, including the number of sellers, homogeneous or differentiated goods or services produced, pricing power, level of competition, barriers to entering or exit theRead MoreThe Impact of the Internet on Market Structure8084 Words   |  33 PagesTHE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET ON MARKET STRUCTURE Bruno Cassiman** Sandra Sieber** RESEARCH PAPER No 467BIS July, 2002 * Professor of General Management, IESE ** Professor of Information Systems, IESE Research Division IESE University of Navarra Av. Pearson, 21 08034 Barcelona - Spain Copyright  © 2002, IESE Do not quote or reproduce without permission The PwCIESE e-business Center is a joint initiative of IESE Business School and the professional services firm PricewaterhouseCoopersRead More The Main Categories of Market Structures Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesCategories of Market Structures Recent industry analyses typically have strong relation with economic theories. There is a theory, belongs to microeconomics, divides industries into categories according t the degree of competition that exists between the firms within the industry, i.e. the theory of Alternative Market Structures. This essay based on three questions divides into 3 parts to explain and evaluate the questions. This essay (PART A) outlines the main categories of market structuresRead MoreThe Market Structures Of A Market Structure962 Words   |  4 Pagesfour market structures that function in the worldwide market. Each of these market structures correlates with one another to create the demand and supply of the market. However, these market structures have some unique traits that no other theory can have alike. Therefore, a comparison and contrast is necessary to distinguish each of these theories from one another. These market structures of the economy are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. These market structuresRead MoreMarket Structure And Functions Of The World Economy1832 Words   |  8 PagesAssignment Student name : - Md Mokshed Hasan Student id : - 614181 Part one: - Market structure and functions Q1,a) Financial markets:- It’s a marketplace where buyers and sellers participate in the trade of assets like equities, binds, currencies and derivatives. Financial markets are well-defined by having transparent pricing, rudimentary regulation on trading, cost and fees and market forces determining the pieces of stocks trade. Its participants need to fulfil some of certainRead MoreMarket Timing and Capital Structure for Baker and Wurgler1526 Words   |  7 Pagesequity when their market values are high, relative to book and past market values, and to repurchase equity when their market values are low. We document that the resulting effects on capital structure are very persistent. As a consequence, current capital structure is strongly related to historical market values. The results suggest the theory that capital structure is the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market. Introduction â€Å"Equity market timing† refersRead MoreMarket Structure Of The Market Structures1779 Words   |  8 Pagesmayor to look at various market structures. I plan to provide excellent information and answer all the questions that will help the mayor understand the market structures of many of the businesses in his city. According to Arthur Levitt, the tension between centrality, on the one hand, and competition, on the other, is probably the oldest of all market structure issues (Levitt, n.d.). Market structures are being used daily to help foster companies. Describe each market structure discussed in the course

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Acquired Immune...

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the deadliest pandemics the world has ever known. Unprecedented efforts and resources have been mobilized to fight the infection worldwide. While obvious progress has been made, HIV infection still hit hard and the field of public health continues actively to raise awareness about this issue and help affected people. Public health professionals constantly look for new ways to reach high-risk populations, but sometimes the methods used result in unintended effects such as stigmatization. This makes wonder how far can public health go in the attempt of reaching its goals. In other words, what are the limits of public health in the HIV prevention†¦show more content†¦According to the Global Commission on HIV and the Law,2 same-sex relations were criminalized in many countries and not legally protected in countries with no official criminalization.2 MSM had to live with the pressure of AI DS and their lifestyles. The time has passed, and thanks to the field of public health, people have now a better understanding of the acquisition of HIV. Nevertheless, there is still high numbers of infected people every year worldwide. Unfortunately, studies still show that MSM are among the key populations and are more likely to live with the virus than everyone else in the US.3 The number of infection among gays have increased in some countries and are one of the main contributors to the epidemics in others.3 These realities pushed public health professionals and governments to develop new ways to raise awareness among key populations. It is now common to see commercials targeting specifically MSM. The objective is usually to promote the use of condoms to protect themselves and their partners. Unfortunately, this is not always how the message is received and the consequences can sometimes be tragic. Let consider the commercial â€Å"It’s never just HIV† by NYC Health.4 As public health professionals, we know that this video was made to show

Analysis Of Stephen Crane s The Open Boat - 1543 Words

Naturalism is a literary genre that focuses on how the role of social conditions, family background, and the environment shape the character. Most stories are based on the idea that the environment determines and governs human character (2015). Naturalists depict their characters as having little or no control over their lives, as they are usually removed of their free will by uncontrollable external forces (such as nature) or if they are in a lower class of society. Some characteristics of naturalist writing include determinism, pessimism, indifference to the environment, and survival. Stephen Crane’s The Open Boat is an exemplar of naturalist writing, as it shows most, if not all, of these characteristics. 1. Determinism According to†¦show more content†¦Although steady, it was deep with mourning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Crane p. 585). Though usually optimistic and upbeat, the captain shares a couple of pessimistic thoughts while they were stranded. In section 4, the captain says, â€Å"if we don’t get ashore†¦if we don’t get ashore, I suppose you fellows know where to send news of my finish?† (Crane p. 590). The captain, the supposed leader, says these discouraging words. He also repeats, â€Å"If we don’t get ashore† which it also shows a pessimistic attitude. Even though pessimism is an important part of naturalism, an indifference of nature is one of the key characteristics in naturalistic literature, and it is shown in The Open Boat. 3. Indifference to Nature The four men in The Open Boat have no control over their situation as nature controls their story. This is shown in the first lines of the story: â€Å"None of them knew the color of the sky. Their eyes glanced level, and were fastened upon the waves that swept them.† (Crane p. 584). The first few sentences just say that the four men can’t see the sky since the waves splash into them. Crane sets the scene of this bleak tale by giving the reader a setting that is the complete opposite of a serene, nice, day out on the water. It shows that the crew’s lives are only going to go downhill from there. Later in section 1, Crane writes that â€Å"A singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that after successfullyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Analysis of The Open Boat by Stephen Crane1415 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of The Open Boat by Stephen Crane Story: â€Å"The Open Boat,† 1897 Author: Stephen Crane (1871-1900) Central Character: There is no real central character in this story. All the men on the boat are spoken about more or less equally and no prominent character jumps out at the reader as being the central character. Although more emphasis is put onto the correspondent, and Billie the oiler. Other Character: The cook: bails water from boat. Billie the oiler: steers and rows boat, is the onlyRead MoreThe Open Boat By Stephen Crane1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Open Boat Analysis The Open Boat is a wildly creative text. The author explores fiction and philosophy to achieve a balance of literature professionalism. The text is a masterpiece reality expressed through the creation of characters representatives of society and day to day living. Symbolic use of characters and human titles plays a key role in delivering the message of the author. Stephen Crane, the author exploits the power of harmony to establish a relationship where every individual isRead MoreLiterary Analysis of A White Heron2159 Words   |  9 PagesLiterature Analysis Part 1 Throughout the history Fiction has been used by many writers to emphasize on environment and the importance it has in our lives. A White Heron, is a great example of how an article can effectively grip the attention of the reader and delivering a vital message at the same time. On the other hand fact based articles are based on truth, research and years of hard work but unfortunately most of the time they fail to capture the common reader proving interesting to onlyRead MoreSummary : Tigress 10460 Words   |  42 PagesSpecies: P. tigris Binomial name Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Subspecies P. t. tigris P. t. corbetti P. t. jacksoni P. t. sumatrae P. t. altaica P. t. amoyensis † P. t. virgata † P. t. balica † P. t. sondaica † P. t. trinilensis Tiger map.jpg Tiger s historic range in about 1850 (pale yellow) and in 2006 (in green).[2] Synonyms Felis tigris Linnaeus, 1758[3] Tigris striatus Severtzov, 1858 Tigris regalis Gray, 1867 The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, reaching a total body lengthRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesOxford University Press, 1974. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-226-52130-3 (pbk.) 1. Motion pictures—Semiotics. 2. Motion pictures— Philosophy. I. Title. PN1995.M4513 1991 791.43 014—dc20 90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-PermanenceRead MoreNfpa 100630569 Words   |  123 Pagesallow any of us to ever forget that our primary responsibility was to the users of this document and to the rescuer in the field. Technical Correlating Committee on Professional Qualifications Barbara L. Koffron, Chair Phoenix Fire Department, AZ [U] Stephen P. Austin, State Farm Insurance Companies, DE [I] Rep. International Assn. of Arson Investigators, Inc. Timothy L. Bradley, North Carolina Fire Commission, NC [E] Rep. TC on Fire Service Instructor Professional Qualifications (Pro Qual) VL to ProfessionalRead MoreNfpa 100630576 Words   |  123 Pagesallow any of us to ever forget that our primary responsibility was to the users of this document and to the rescuer in the field. Technical Correlating Committee on Professional Qualifications Barbara L. Koffron, Chair Phoenix Fire Department, AZ [U] Stephen P. Austin, State Farm Insurance Companies, DE [I] Rep. International Assn. of Arson Investigators, Inc. Timoth y L. Bradley, North Carolina Fire Commission, NC [E] Rep. TC on Fire Service Instructor Professional Qualifications (Pro Qual) VL to ProfessionalRead MoreLeadership Development42674 Words   |  171 Pagesdiscussions in the network group and comments by its individual members as the review has progressed. The members not already mentioned are: Kamal Birdi, Richard Bolden, Johnathan Gosling, Jim Hillage, Matias Ramirez, Penny Tamkin, Marc Thompson, Stephen Watson and Stephen Wood. 2 1: Executive Summary........................................................................................1 2: Introduction ...............................................................................................Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesthe case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I VRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Groupthink free essay sample

1.1 Definition Janis defines groupthink as â€Å"a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when members strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.† His major proposition is that groups displaying most of the symptoms of groupthink are more likely to display symptoms of defective decision making, resulting in poor policy outcomes. The crucial determinant of groupthink is moderate to high group cohesion combined with one or more other antecedent conditions. In turn, these factors contribute to defective decision making by the group. 1.2 The Groupthink Model The groupthink model (Figure 1) provides a visual representation of the theory of groupthink, including the conditions under which groupthink is likely to occur, the symptoms of groupthink, and the consequences resulting from groupthink. According to the model the antecedent condition of a moderately or highly cohesive group (Box A) interacts with other structural faults of the organization (Box B-1) and/or provocative situational context factors (Box-2) to increase the probability of the groupthink tendency. We will write a custom essay sample on Groupthink or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The groupthink tendency is expressed in the observable consequences of the symptoms of groupthink (Box C). When a group displays most of the symptoms of groupthink, we can expect to find that the group will also display symptoms of defective decision-making (Box D). Defective decision-making normally lowers the probability of a successful decision outcome (Box E). The theory predicts that when a group is moderately or highly cohesive (Box A), the more of the antecedent conditions listed in boxes B-1 and B-2 that are present, the greater the chances of defective decision making as a result of the groupthink syndrome. Figure 1 : The Groupthink Model 1. 3 Groupthink Symptoms The model presents three types of groupthink symptoms described here in outline form. TYPE I: Overestimation of the Group 1. Illusion of Invulnerability This symptom is defined as excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks with little consideration of what would happen if the worst outcome should occur or the consequences of the solution proposed by the group. This always includes the overestimation of the potential success of the solution or the abilities of the group. 2. Belief in the Inherent Morality of the Group This symptom implies that the group ignores the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions. TYPE II: Close Mindedness 3. Collective Rationalization This is an effort by members of the group to discount, withhold, or distort warnings and other information that could threaten the group’s belief by convincing themselves as to the validity of the group’s position. The group does not realistically or seriously consider outside information or other potential decision alternatives. 4. Stereotypes of Out-Groups â€Å"Just as the groups are overconfident in their own powers and morality, they tend to believe their opponents are weak or foolish.†. This results in an underestimation of their opponent’s ability to counter or interfere with the group’s plan. TYPE III: Pressures Toward Uniformity 5. Self-Censorship This occurs when members hold back expressing their doubts or deviations from the apparent group consensus. This may reflect each member’s inclination to minimize to himself the importance of his doubts and counterarguments. 6. Illusion of Unanimity Self-censorship and other devices create an environment of unanimity concerning judgments conforming to the majority view. This environment is also facilitated by the false assumption that silence means consent. 7. Direct Pressures on Dissenters The group uses direct social pressure on any members who express descent with the majority’s views, stereotypes, proposed solution, or commitment. Group pressures and norms make it clear that dissenting viewpoints and behavior are contrary to expected group norms of loyalty. 8. Self-Appointed Mind-Guards Members of the group take it upon themselves to protect the group from adverse information that could threaten the group’s shared complacency and to keep others in line with the supposed consensus. 1.4 Limitations of the Theory Groupthink is only one factor among other influencing variables that could affect the quality of decisions. One cannot assume that groupthink is the cause of practically every miscalculation or poor decision reached by a group. Groupthink theory suggests that poor decision outcomes are more likely when groupthink symptoms are present. Groupthink does not always result in a bad decision. Even when groupthink is occurring the group consensus and inherent biases could result in developing an effective solution to the problem at hand. Likewise, poor decisions cannot be avoided by simply avoiding groupthink. Other factors such as a lack of information, inadequate time for decision-making, poor judgment, pure luck, and unexpected actions by adversaries also play a role in the probability of a successful decision outcome. Other determinants of the decision process, such as the groups competence, the heuristics used in the process, and the entire organizational set-up in which the group operates is likely to affect the quality of the decision. Simply stated, some group biases and decision-making failures cannot be explained in terms of groupthink. The value of groupthink is that it helps explain one factor that could lower the probability of a successful decision outcome. Working in groups provide several advantages such as more knowledge, the ability to generate more ideas, longer and more accurate memories, and better evaluation of concepts, opinions, and courses of action. Groups generally have a greater probability of discovering errors in plans and usually better standards and rules for decision making. â€Å"This is the power of the team mind: to create new and unexpected solutions, options, and interpretations, drawing on the experience of all the team members to generate products that are beyond the capabilities of any of the individuals.† The problem occurs when group pressures, biases, and other behaviors reduce the quality of the decision. Groupthink tends to strengthen the groups cohesion and reinforce self-complacency and group biases among its members, while drastically lowering the quality of decisions. The effect in many groups is decisions that are definitely inferior to decisions made individually. Groupthink theory offers insight into understanding how various factors and conditions combine to affect decision outcomes. Conclusion Groupthink theory explains one factor that can contribute to defective decision-making. This makes groupthink an important area of exploration for business management research concerning decision-making. Understanding how groupthink affects decision-making and developing techniques to reduce the occurrence of groupthink provides an opportunity for improving decision-making.